Virtual Private Network (VPN) Project Report

Wireless Communication
Introduction
The term "wireless" has become a generic and all-encompassing word used to describe communications in which electromagnetic waves or RF (rather than some form of wire) carry a signal over part or the entire communication path.
It is the transfer of information over a distance without the use of electrical conductors or "wires".
The distances involved may be short (a few meters as in television remote control) or long (thousands or millions of kilometers for radio communications). When the context is clear, the term is often shortened to "wireless". Wireless communication is generally considered to be a branch of telecommunications.

Examples
It encompasses various types of fixed, mobile, and portable two-way radios, cellular telephones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and wireless networking. Other examples of wireless technology include GPS units, garage door openers and or garage doors, wireless computer peripherals ( like mice, keyboards and headsets ), satellite television, wireless gaming and cordless telephones.

Modes of Wireless Communication
Wireless communication can be via:
• radio frequency communication,
• microwave communication, for example long-range line-of-sight via highly directional antennas, or short-range communication, or
• infrared (IR) short-range communication, for example from remote controls or via Infrared Data Association (IrDA).

Applications
Applications may involve point-to-point communication, point-to-multipoint communication, broadcasting, cellular networks and other wireless networks.
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Project Report on Visual Basic

OBJECTIVE & SCOPE OF PROJECT
The main objective of this project is that to minimize the handwritten work to small as possible and provide user an automated environment in which he/she can work efficiently and also in user friendly environment.

The scope of the project generally lies at the places like schools , colleges & universities where faculties attendance maintenance are major requirement because on basis of this the salary of person can be calculated, this project is on very small basis means to say not on big scale we can implement it on bigger scale in form of maintaining student attendance ,apart from this the same concept can be applied in various business firms (public and private) which are fully automated with computer and the company has to maintain the regularity of employers also at these places it is not possible to maintain large records files which require a separate room for storage so to avoid this we made this software in which database are maintained which cover very less space then the space taken by files etc.

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Why VB (Visual Basic)?
Visual basic is one of the most popular programming languages in the market today. Microsoft has positioned it to fit multiple purposes in development. The language ranges from light weight vb script programming, to application specific programming with vb for applications

What is Visual Basic?
The visual part refers to the method used to create GUI.Rather then writing numerous lines of code to describe the appearance and location of interface elements , we simplify add rebuilt objects into place on screens.

VB is high level programming language evolved from earlier DOS version called BASIC. VB is event driven programming VB programs are made up of many sub programs , each has its in own program codes and each can be executed independently and at the sane time each can be linked in one way or another.

VB is designed to deploy applications across the enterprise and to scale of any size needed the ability to develop object mode is databases integration, server components, and Internet/Intranet applications provides an extensive range of capabilities and tools of the developer. In particular VB lets us to add menus, textboxes, command buttons, option buttons, check boxes, scroll bars, and file & directory boxes to blank windows. We can communicate with other window applications and perhaps most importantly we will have an easy method to let users’ control and access database.
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Voice Over IP (VOIP) Project Report

LIST OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction: VoIP
2. VoIP Architecture and Protocol Stack
3. VoIP configurations
4. Requirements, Availability, and Service Limitations
5. Introduction: Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)
6. Short History of SIP
7. Overview of Services Provided by SIP Servers
8. SIP Enabled Network
9. Threats and Risks
10. How to Protect Against Risks
11. References

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Project Report on Wimax

Introduction
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, or WiMAX for short, is a next generation open standard that seeks to serve users' increasing demands for high data throughput (broadband) services such as streaming media on the internet, live video conferencing, and mobile TV on computers as well as handsets and PDAs. WiMAX is expected to be integrated into the next generation mass market consumer devices and to offer something that does not exist today – speeds similar to cable and metropolitan area coverage while on the move, all for a much lower cost than we are used to today. WiMAX already offers broadband services in many emerging and rural markets which are not supported by wireline-based technologies and started its first deployment in developed countries replacing both commonly used Wi-Fi on one hand and traditional cellular standards such as 3G.

IEEE 802.16 is the standard to state the radio frequency of fixed Broadband Wireless Access. WiMAX is the trade name of “IEEE 802.16 Standard”. IEEE 802.16 was first planned to offer the last mile for Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (WMAN) with the line of sight (LOS) of 30 – 50 km.

Basically the goal of WIMAX is to provide high speed internet access to home and business subscribers without wires. It supports legacy voice systems, voice over IP, TCP/IP, Application with different QOS requirements. 802.16 consist of the access point, base station and subscriber station. During a communication, all the information coming from a subscriber station go to the base station and retransmitted back to subscriber station. Base station can handle multiple of subscriber station. Two types of links are defined in this:-
• The downlink: From base station to the subscriber station.
• The uplink: From subscriber station to the base station.

Infrastructure of WiMAX
• A wimax tower: It is similar in concept to cell phone tower. A single wimax tower can provide coverage to very large area.
• A wimax receiver: The receiver and antenna could be a small box or a PCMCIA card, or could be built into a laptop.

Background
Historically, the main usage of wireless data-transfer was voice communication. As wireless communication standards evolved to become digital (Wi-Fi or GSM), voice has become one among several more bandwidth consuming (broadband) applications such as high definition video or games. Many wireless IP (internet protocol) network standards try to satisfy the increasing demand for more bandwidth in more locations while on the move.

Wi-Fi is the most popular and successful broadband wireless IP network standard to date. Popular Wi-Fi standards – like 802.11b and 802.11g – are used in many homes and businesses and enable internet access with high data throughput for computer notebooks, PCs, and more recently, for Smartphone users. 802.11n, the upcoming Wi-Fi standard, (currently in draft state) can double the data throughput of Wi-Fi for heavy demanding applications. A number of cities around the world are in the process of building city-wide Wi-Fi networks to allow citizens to enjoy wireless data transfer across the city (also known as a metropolitan area network). While Wi-Fi operates over a free unlicensed spectrum and is simple to install and operate, it has some major disadvantages. One of the main drawbacks is poor signal coverage; only 30 meters indoors and 200 meters outdoors. Wi-Fi as a fixed broadband standard cannot support broadband services while on the move and does not support continuous connectivity between Wi-Fi hotspots which could enable, for instance, a person going from his office to a cafe while having a continuous wireless conversation, Wi-Fi is exposed to other interferers on the same band since it runs over an unlicensed spectrum, is considered relatively insecure since it does not use enhanced encryption, is very power inefficient, and does not guarantee quality of service.

Benefits Of WiMAX
• Speed - Faster than broadband service
• Wireless - Not having to lay cables reduces cost. Easier to extend to suburban and rural areas.
• Broad Coverage- Much wider coverage than WiFi hotspot.

Benefits to Service Providers
• Allow service providers to deliver high throughput broadband based services like VoIP, high-speed Internet and Video
• Facilitate equipment compatibility
• Reduce the capital expenditures required for network expansion
• Provide improved performance and extended range

Benefits to Customers
• Range of technology and service level choices from both fixed and wireless broadband operators
• DSL-like services at DSL prices but with portability
• Rapidly declining fixed broadband prices
• No more DSL “installation” fees from incumbent.

Uses
The bandwidth and range of WiMAX make it suitable for the following potential applications:
• Connecting Wi-Fi hotspots to the Internet.
• Providing a wireless alternative to cable and DSL for "last mile" broadband access.
• Providing data and telecommunications services.
• Providing a source of Internet connectivity as part of a business continuity plan. That is, if a business has a fixed and a wireless Internet connection, especially from unrelated providers, they are unlikely to be affected by the same service outage.
• Providing portable connectivity
• Allow service providers to deliver high throughput broadband based services like VoIP, high-speed Internet and Video
• Reduce the capital expenditures required for network expansion
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