Online Mobile Shop in ASP Dotnet Project

E-commerce is 1 with the largest driving forces behind the Internet. Even inside Internet’s earliest days, numerous sites featured a shop wherever you could order merchandise and have them shipped to your home. Of the advent of server-side techniques, just like ASP and ASP.NET, it has been much easier and cheaper for modest sites to provide their merchandise and services online. Despite the large diversity in the products these sites offer, they all have anything in common. To permit clients to pick the products they wish to order, they all feature a item catalog plus a shopping cart wherever products are stored during the shopping process. At checkout time, these merchandise are taken inside cart and commonly stored in a database so the order can be processed later. The On the internet Mobile Shop is no exception; this chapter shows you how to produce a world-wide-web shop using a shopping cart in ASP.NET 2.0. The chapter starts off using a quick tour with the On the internet Mobile Shop from an end-user’s factor of view. It guides you from the system of browsing articles or blog posts and adding them to a shopping cart, and shows you how the shopping cart is saved inside database as an order. Finally, this chapter also explains how you can control the item catalog to your On the internet Mobile Shop.

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Cooperative DNS Project Report

INTRODUCTION
Translation of names to network addresses is an essential predecessor to communication in networked systems. The Domain Name System (DNS) performs this translation on the Internet and constitutes a critical component of the Internet infrastructure. While the DNS has sustained the growth of the Internet through static, hierarchical partitioning of the namespace and wide-spread caching, recent increases in malicious behavior, explosion in client population, and the need for fast reconfiguration pose difficult problems. The existing DNS architecture is fundamentally unsuitable for addressing these issues. The foremost problem with DNS is that it is susceptible to denial of service (DoS) attacks. This vulnerability stems from limited redundancy in name servers, which pro-vide name-address mappings and whose overload, failure or compromise can lead to low performance, failed lookups and misdirected clients. Approximately 80% of the domain names are served by just two name servers and a surprising 0.8% by only one. At the network level, all servers for 32% of the domain names are connected to the Internet through a single gateway, and can thus be compromised by a single failure. The top levels of the hierarchy are served by a relatively small number of servers, which serve as easy targets for denial of service attacks. A recent DoS attack on the DNS crippled nine of the thirteen root servers at that time, while another recent DoS attack on Microsoft’s DNS servers severely affected the availability of Microsoft’s web services for several hours .DNS name servers are easy targets for malicious agents, partly because approximately 20% of name server implementations contain security flaws that can be exploited to take over the name servers. Second, name-address translation in the DNS incurs long delays. Recent studies have shown that DNS lookup time contributes more than one second for up to 30% of web object retrievals. The explosive growth of the namespace has decreased the effectiveness of DNS caching. The skewed distribution of names under popular domains, such as .com, has attended the name hierarchy and increased load imbalance. The use of short timeouts for popular map-pings, as is commonly employed by content distribution net-works, further reduces DNS cache hit rates. Further, manual configuration errors, such as lame delegations, can introduce latent performance problems. Finally, widespread caching of mappings in the DNS prohibits fast propagation of unanticipated changes. Since the DNS does not keep track of the locations of cached map-pings, but relies on timeout-based invalidations of stale co-pies, it cannot guarantee cache coherency. Lack of cache coherency in the DNS implies that changes may not be visible to clients for long durations, effectively preventing quick service relocation in response to attacks or emergencies.
Fresh design of the legacy DNS provides an opportunity to address these shortcomings. A replacement for the DNS should exhibit the following properties.

High Performance: Decouple the performance of DNS from the number of name servers. Achieve lower latencies than legacy DNS and improve lookup performance in the presence of high loads and unexpected changes in popularity
Resilience to Attacks: Remove vulnerabilities in the system and provide resistance against denial of service attacks through decentralization and dynamic load balancing. Self-organize automatically in response to host and network failures.
Fast Update Propagation: Enable changes in name-address mappings to quickly propagate to clients. Support secure delegation to preserve integrity of DNS records, and prohibit rogue nodes from corrupting the system.
This paper describes Cooperative Domain Name System (CoDoNS), a backwards-compatible replacement for the legacy DNS that achieves these properties. CoDoNS com-bines two recent advances, namely, structured peer-to-peer overlays and analytically informed proactive caching. Structured peer-to-peer overlays, which create and maintain a mesh of cooperating nodes, have been used previously to implement wide-area distributed hash tables (DHTs). While their self organization, scalability, and failure resilience provide a strong foundation for robust large-scale distributed services, their high lookup costs render them inadequate for demanding, latency-sensitive applications such as DNS]. CoDoNS achieve high lookup performance on a structured overlay through an analytically-driven proactive caching layer. This layer, called Beehive, automatically replicates the DNS mappings throughout the network to match anticipated demand and provides a strong performance guarantee. Specially, Beehive achieves targeted average lookup latency with a minimum number of replicas. Overall, the combination of Beehive and structured overlays provides the requisite properties for a large scale name service, suitable for deployment over the Internet.
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Project Report on Wimax

Introduction
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, or WiMAX for short, is a next generation open standard that seeks to serve users' increasing demands for high data throughput (broadband) services such as streaming media on the internet, live video conferencing, and mobile TV on computers as well as handsets and PDAs. WiMAX is expected to be integrated into the next generation mass market consumer devices and to offer something that does not exist today – speeds similar to cable and metropolitan area coverage while on the move, all for a much lower cost than we are used to today. WiMAX already offers broadband services in many emerging and rural markets which are not supported by wireline-based technologies and started its first deployment in developed countries replacing both commonly used Wi-Fi on one hand and traditional cellular standards such as 3G.

IEEE 802.16 is the standard to state the radio frequency of fixed Broadband Wireless Access. WiMAX is the trade name of “IEEE 802.16 Standard”. IEEE 802.16 was first planned to offer the last mile for Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (WMAN) with the line of sight (LOS) of 30 – 50 km.

Basically the goal of WIMAX is to provide high speed internet access to home and business subscribers without wires. It supports legacy voice systems, voice over IP, TCP/IP, Application with different QOS requirements. 802.16 consist of the access point, base station and subscriber station. During a communication, all the information coming from a subscriber station go to the base station and retransmitted back to subscriber station. Base station can handle multiple of subscriber station. Two types of links are defined in this:-
• The downlink: From base station to the subscriber station.
• The uplink: From subscriber station to the base station.

Infrastructure of WiMAX
• A wimax tower: It is similar in concept to cell phone tower. A single wimax tower can provide coverage to very large area.
• A wimax receiver: The receiver and antenna could be a small box or a PCMCIA card, or could be built into a laptop.

Background
Historically, the main usage of wireless data-transfer was voice communication. As wireless communication standards evolved to become digital (Wi-Fi or GSM), voice has become one among several more bandwidth consuming (broadband) applications such as high definition video or games. Many wireless IP (internet protocol) network standards try to satisfy the increasing demand for more bandwidth in more locations while on the move.

Wi-Fi is the most popular and successful broadband wireless IP network standard to date. Popular Wi-Fi standards – like 802.11b and 802.11g – are used in many homes and businesses and enable internet access with high data throughput for computer notebooks, PCs, and more recently, for Smartphone users. 802.11n, the upcoming Wi-Fi standard, (currently in draft state) can double the data throughput of Wi-Fi for heavy demanding applications. A number of cities around the world are in the process of building city-wide Wi-Fi networks to allow citizens to enjoy wireless data transfer across the city (also known as a metropolitan area network). While Wi-Fi operates over a free unlicensed spectrum and is simple to install and operate, it has some major disadvantages. One of the main drawbacks is poor signal coverage; only 30 meters indoors and 200 meters outdoors. Wi-Fi as a fixed broadband standard cannot support broadband services while on the move and does not support continuous connectivity between Wi-Fi hotspots which could enable, for instance, a person going from his office to a cafe while having a continuous wireless conversation, Wi-Fi is exposed to other interferers on the same band since it runs over an unlicensed spectrum, is considered relatively insecure since it does not use enhanced encryption, is very power inefficient, and does not guarantee quality of service.

Benefits Of WiMAX
• Speed - Faster than broadband service
• Wireless - Not having to lay cables reduces cost. Easier to extend to suburban and rural areas.
• Broad Coverage- Much wider coverage than WiFi hotspot.

Benefits to Service Providers
• Allow service providers to deliver high throughput broadband based services like VoIP, high-speed Internet and Video
• Facilitate equipment compatibility
• Reduce the capital expenditures required for network expansion
• Provide improved performance and extended range

Benefits to Customers
• Range of technology and service level choices from both fixed and wireless broadband operators
• DSL-like services at DSL prices but with portability
• Rapidly declining fixed broadband prices
• No more DSL “installation” fees from incumbent.

Uses
The bandwidth and range of WiMAX make it suitable for the following potential applications:
• Connecting Wi-Fi hotspots to the Internet.
• Providing a wireless alternative to cable and DSL for "last mile" broadband access.
• Providing data and telecommunications services.
• Providing a source of Internet connectivity as part of a business continuity plan. That is, if a business has a fixed and a wireless Internet connection, especially from unrelated providers, they are unlikely to be affected by the same service outage.
• Providing portable connectivity
• Allow service providers to deliver high throughput broadband based services like VoIP, high-speed Internet and Video
• Reduce the capital expenditures required for network expansion
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